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Prestanneth is the Sindarin word for mutation, symbolizing the shift, the change in words to make their speech beautiful. These charts are bassed off of the Summary of the Sindarin Grammar by Ryszard Derdzinski.
Mutation is the changing of the first and last letters of words to make them easier to say together. There are five types of mutation to learn: Soft Mutation, Nasal Mutation, Mixed Mutation, Stop Mutation, and Liquid Mutation. The etymological history of the word is also important when using mutation.
There are three types of words, beginning with B, D, and G, that change differently. That is because their etymology is different from the others. The B comes from MB; the D comes from ND; and the G comes from NG. To find out what type of word a B, D, or G word is, look at the root it came from. I now expect you to look up words for yourself using this website's downloadable dictionary: Híswelókë.
Soft Mutation
Soft Mutation is the easiest and most commonly needed type of mutation, because the word that came before it doesn't change. There are several circumstances that call for Soft Mutation:
- The word "the" automatically mutates the following word.
- Most of the normal prepositions mutate the following word.
- Most prefixes mutate the word they are fixed onto. There are exceptions, and we will cover those later.
- The direct object of a sentence is mutated.
- An adjective modifying a noun is mutated.
- An adverb modifying a verb is mutated.
If the letter isn't on the list, it doesn't change.
| B | → | V | Example: i vrith "the gravel" |
| C | → | G | Example: i gerin "the mound" |
| D | → | DH | Example: i dhîn "the silence" |
| G | → | ' | Example: i 'lân "the hem" |
| H | → | CH | Example: i cham "the chair" |
| HW | → | CHW | Example: i chwand "the sponge" |
| LH | → | THL | Example: i thlewig "the ear" |
| M | → | V | Example: i virian "the coin" |
| P | → | B | Example: i berian "the hobbit" |
| RH | → | THR | Example: i thross "the whisper" |
| S | → | H | Example: i higil "the necklace" |
| T | → | D | Example: i dalan "the tree-house" |
| Special Cases |
|---|
| B | → | M | Example: i mauglir "the tyrant" |
| D | → | N | Example: i nîr "the man" |
| G | → | NG | Example: i ngolovir "the Silmaril" |
Liquid Mutation
Liquid Mutation is used for prepositions ending in L or R; thus is very rarely found. The last letter of the word before it doesn't change.
| B | → | V | Example: or vrith "over gravel" |
| C | → | CH | Example: or cherin "over a mound" |
| D | → | DH | Example: or dhraug "over a wolf" |
| G | → | ' | Example: or 'lân "over a hem" |
| H | → | CH | Example: or cham "over a chair" |
| HW | → | CHW | Example: or chwand "over a sponge" |
| LH | → | 'L | Example: or 'ling "over a spiderweb" |
| M | → | V | Example: or virian "over a coin" |
| P | → | PH | Example: or pherian "over a hobbit" |
| RH | → | 'R | Example: or 'rass "over a precipice" |
| T | → | TH | Example: or thalan "over a tree-house" |
None of the special cases change.
Nasal Mutation
Nasal Mutation is slightly more difficult, because some of the words change differently when combined.
Use the Nasal Mutation that follows the "in" column with the plural "the" and all of the plural "the" prepositions.
| IN+B | → | I M | Example: i mrith "the gravels" |
| IN+C | → | I CH | Example: i cherin "the mounds" |
| IN+D | → | I N | Example: i naith "the abysses" |
| IN+DR | → | IN DR | Example: in droeg "the wolves" |
| IN+F | → | I F | Example: i felais "the shores" |
| IN+G | → | I NG | Example: i ngelaidh "the trees" |
| IN+GL | → | IN GL | Example: in glain "the hems" |
| IN+GR | → | IN GR | Example: in gryth "the tunnels" |
| IN+GW | → | IN GW | Example: in gwoen "the geese" |
| IN+H | → | I CH | Example: i chebaid "the shoes" |
| IN+HW | → | I 'W | Example: i 'wand "the sponges" |
| IN+L | → | I L | Example: i laiss "the leaves" |
| IN+LH | → | I 'L | Example: i 'law "the the ears" |
| IN+M | → | I M | Example: i miriain "the coins" |
| IN+N | → | I N | Example: i ningloer "the golden water lilies" |
| IN+P | → | I PH | Example: i pheriain "the hobbits" |
| IN+R | → | IDH R | Example: idh raef "the nets" |
| IN+RH | → | IDH 'R | Example: idh 'ryss "the whispers" |
| IN+S | → | I S | Example: i sigil "the necklaces" |
| IN+T | → | I TH | Example: i thelain "the tree-houses" |
| IN+TH | → | I TH | Example: i thaim "the halls" |
| Special Cases |
|---|
| IN+B | → | I MB | Example: i mboeglir "the tyrants" |
| IN+D | → | I ND | Example: i ndîr "the men" |
Use the Nasal Mutation that follows the "an" column with all of the normal prepositions and prefixes that end with an N.
| AN+B | → | AM M | Example: am môr "to a vassal" |
| AN+BL | → | A ML | Example: a mlabed "for beating" |
| AN+BR | → | A MR | Example: a mrith "to gravel" |
| AN+C | → | A CH | Example: a cherin "to a mound" |
| AN+D | → | A N | Example: a nath "to an abyss" |
| AN+DR | → | AN DR | Example: an draug "to a wolf" |
| AN+F | → | APH F | Example: aph falas "to a shore" |
| AN+G | → | AN NG | Example: an ngaladh "to a tree" |
| AN+GL | → | AN GL | Example: an glân "to a hem" |
| AN+GR | → | AN GR | Example: an groth "to a tunnel" |
| AN+GW | → | AN GW | Example: an gwaun "to a goose" |
| AN+H | → | A CH | Example: a chabad "to a shoe" |
| AN+HW | → | A 'W | Example: a 'wand "to a sponge" |
| AN+L | → | AL L | Example: al lass "to a leaf" |
| AN+LH | → | AL 'L | Example: al 'lewig "to an ear" |
| AN+M | → | AM M | Example: am mirian "to a coin" |
| AN+P | → | A PH | Example: a pherian "to a hobbit" |
| AN+R | → | ADH R | Example: adh raef "to a net" |
| AN+RH | → | ADH 'R | Example: adh 'ross "to a whisper" |
| AN+S | → | AS S | Example: as sigil "to a necklace" |
| AN+T | → | A TH | Example: a thalan "to a tree-house" |
| AN+TH | → | ATH TH | Example: ath tham "to a hall" |
| Special Cases |
|---|
| AN+B | → | AM MB | Example: am mbauglir "to a tyrant" |
| AN+D | → | AN ND | Example: an ndîr "to a man" |
Mixed Mutation
Mixed Mutation is like a combination between Nasal and Soft Mutation.
"The" prepositions mutate the word that follows them with Mixed Mutation, but only en is changed. The rest don't change with this mutation.
| EN+B | → | E-B | Example: e-bôr "of the vassal" |
| EN+BL | → | E-ML | Example: e-mlabed "of the beating" |
| EN+BR | → | E-MR | Example: e-mrith "of the gravel" |
| EN+C | → | E-G | Example: e-gerin "of the mound" |
| EN+D | → | E-D | Example: e-dath "of the abyss" |
| EN+DR | → | EN-DR | Example: en-draug "of the wolf" |
| EN+F | → | E-F | Example: e-falas "of the shore" |
| EN+G | → | E-G | Example: e-galadh "of the tree" |
| EN+GL | → | EN-GL | Example: en-glân "of the hem" |
| EN+GR | → | EN-GR | Example: en-groth "of the tunnel" |
| EN+GW | → | EN-GW | Example: en-gwaun "of the goose" |
| EN+H | → | E-H | Example: e-habar "of the shoe" |
| EN+HW | → | E-'W | Example: e-'wand "of the sponge" |
| EN+L | → | E-L | Example: e-lass "of the leaf" |
| EN+LH | → | E-'L | Example: e-'lewig "of the ear" |
| EN+M | → | E-M | Example: e-mirian "of the coin" |
| EN+P | → | E-B | Example: e-berian "of the hobbit" |
| EN+PR | → | E-MR | Example: e-mrestas "of the trouble" |
| EN+R | → | EDH-R | Example: edh-raef "of the net" |
| EN+RH | → | E-'R | Example: e-'ross "of the whisper" |
| EN+S | → | E-H | Example: e-higil "of the necklace" |
| EN+T | → | E-D | Example: e-dalath "of the tree-house" |
| EN+TH | → | E-TH | Example: e-tham "of the hall" |
| EN+TR | → | EN-DR | Example: en-Drann "of the Shire" |
| Special Cases |
|---|
| EN+B | → | E-MB | Example: e-mbauglir "of the tyrant" |
| EN+D | → | E-ND | Example: e-ndîr "of the man" |
Stop Mutation
Stop Mutation is used for normal prepositions and prefixes ending in D. From/of o(d) also uses this type of Mutation, though it doesn't change.
| ED+B | → | E B | Example: e brith "out of gravel" |
| ED+C | → | E CH | Example: e cherin "out of a mound" |
| ED+D | → | E D | Example: e dôl "out of a head" |
| ED+F | → | EPH F | Example: eph falas "out of a shore" |
| ED+G | → | E G | Example: e galadh "out of a tree" |
| ED+H | → | E CH | Example: e habar "out of a shoe" |
| ED+HW | → | E 'W | Example: e 'wand "out of a sponge" |
| ED+LH | → | E THL | Example: e thlewig "out of an ear" |
| ED+M | → | E M | Example: e mirian "out of a coin" |
| ED+N | → | E N | Example: e ninglor "out of a golden water lily" |
| ED+P | → | E PH | Example: e pherian "out of a hobbit" |
| ED+RH | → | E THR | Example: e thross "out of a whisper" |
| ED+S | → | ES S | Example: es sigil "out of necklace" |
| ED+T | → | E TH | Example: e thalan "out of a tree-house" |
| ED+TH | → | ETH TH | Example: eth tham "out of a hall" |
| Special Cases |
|---|
| ED+B | → | E MB | Example: e mbauglir "out of a tyrant" |
| ED+D | → | E ND | Example: e ndîr "out of a man" |
| ED+G | → | EN G | Example: en golovir "out of a Silmaril" |
Mutation is very hard to remember, so print out this chart and keep it close to you until you have it completely memorized.
| Soft (i) | Liquid (or) | Nasal (in) | Nasal (an) | Mixed (en) | Stop (ed) |
|---|
| B → | I V | OR V | I M | AM M | E-B | E B |
| BL → | I VL | OR VL | I ML | A ML | E-ML | E BL |
| BR → | I VR | OR VR | I MR | A MR | E-MR | E BR |
| C → | I G | OR CH | I CH | A CH | E-G | E CH |
| D → | I DH | OR DH | I N | AN N | E-D | E D |
| DR → | I DHR | OR DHR | IN DR | AN DR | EN-DR | E DR |
| F → | I F | OR F | I F | APH F | E-F | EPH F |
| G → | I ' | OR ' | I NG | AN NG | E-G | E G |
| GL → | I 'L | OR 'L | IN GL | AN GL | EN-GL | E GL |
| GR → | I 'R | OR 'R | IN GR | AN GR | EN-GR | E GR |
| GW → | I 'W | OR 'W | IN GW | AN GW | EN-GW | E GR |
| H → | I CH | OR CH | I CH | A CH | E-H | E CH |
| HW → | I CHW | OR CHW | I 'W | A 'W | E-'W | E 'W |
| L → | I L | OR L | I L | AL L | E-L | ED L |
| LH → | I THL | OR 'L | I 'L | AL 'L | E-'L | E THL |
| M → | I V | OR V | I M | AM M | E-M | E M |
| N → | I N | OR N | I N | AN N | EN-M | E N |
| P → | I B | OR PH | I PH | A PH | E-B | E PH |
| PR → | I BR | OR PHR | I PH | A PH | E-MR | E PH |
| R → | I R | OR R | IDH R | ADH R | EDH-R | ED R |
| RH → | I THR | OR 'R | IDH 'R | ADH 'R | E-'R | E THR |
| S → | I H | OR S | I S | AS S | E-H | ES S |
| T → | I D | OR TH | I TH | A TH | E-D | E TH |
| TR → | I DR | OR THR | I THR | A THR | EN-DR | E THR |
| TH → | I TH | OR TH | I TH | ATH TH | E-TH | ETH TH |
Special Cases: |
| B → | I M | OR B | I MB | AM MB | E-MB | E MB |
| D → | I N | OR D | I ND | AN ND | E-ND | E ND |
| G → | I NG | OR G | IN G | AN G | EN-G | EN G |
Homework
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